Empirical research can aid ethical reflection in bioethics by identifying issues, by seeing how they are currently resolved, and by assessing the consequences of these current resolutions. This potential can be misused when the ethical issues in question are fundamentally non-consequentialist or when they are consequentialist but the empirical research fails to address the important consequences. An example of the former problem is some recent studies about bad consequences resulting from commercialized living kidney donor programs. These consequences could be avoided, (...) but the crucial non-consequentialist ethical issues about exploitation and commercialization would still remain. Examples of the latter problem are provided by recent studies of the allocation of ICU beds and of physician deception, where important consequences were not adequately studied. (shrink)

Das Interesse am Lebenslauf Baruch de Spinozas, das stets das Interesse an seiner Philosophie begleitet hat, ist - im Vergleich zum Interesse an anderen Gestalten der Philosophiegeschichte - ungewöhnlich groß gewesen und bis heute lebendig geblieben. Keiner hat - in den Augen der Zeitgenossen - so radikal wie er das traditionale Denken in Frage gestellt. Die Neuausgabe dieses Bandes, der die sechs überlieferten Lebensbeschreibungen Spinozas von Jelles, Lucas, Kortholt, Bayle, Colerus und Stolle-Hallmann enthält, erfaßt im gänzlich neu bearbeiteten Anhang (...) alle zwischenzeitlich neu aufgefundenen Dokumente und Urkunden zu Leben und Werk Spinozas. Die beigegebene Bibliographie verzeichnet alle Veröffentlichungen zu Leben und Werk Spinozas. (shrink)

BACKGROUND: Many published accounts of clinical trials report no differences between the treatment arms, while being underpowered to find differences. This study determined how the authors of these reports interpreted their findings. STUDY DESIGN: We examined 54 reports of surgical trials chosen randomly from a database of 110 influential trials conducted in 2008. Seven that reported having adequate statistical power were excluded from further analysis, as were the 32 that reported significant differences between the treatment arms. We examined the remaining (...) 15 to see whether the authors interpreted their negative findings appropriately. Appropriate interpretations discussed the lack of power and/or called for larger studies. RESULTS: Three of the 7 trials that did not report an a priori power calculation offered inappropriate interpretations, as did 3 of the 8 trials that reported an a priori power < 0.90. However, we examined only a modest number of trial reports from 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Negative findings in underpowered trials were often interpreted as showing the equivalence of the treatment arms with no discussion of the issue of being underpowered. This may lead clinicians to accept new treatments that have not been validated. (shrink)

Dieser Band dokumentiert alle bis heute bekannt gewordenen und nachgewiesenen Spinoza-Briefe. Die dritte Auflage bietet darüber hinaus das zur Zeit wohl umfassendste Verzeichnis der Literatur zum Briefwechsel.

This study analyzes the symbols present in the sacred image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, contextualizing their meanings in the context of catholic christian symbology and nahuatl symbology, and seeks to relate this symbolic identification of the Virgin with the process of christianization of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, mediated by the theoretical and critical assumptions of interreligious dialogue. The methodology adopted consisted of a bibliographical revision of primary and secondary sources, in order to understand how the socio-cultural construction of (...) devotion was carried out during the first two centuries of its existence and its relation with the conversion of indigenous peoples to catholic faith. The main reference consulted was Nican Mopohua, the first document to bring the account of the apparitions of Our Lady to the indian Juan Diego in 1531, published in 1649 as part of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica, in nahuatl language. The motivation of the work was to understand how Guadalupe devotion, represented symbolically with elements of the nahuatl culture, contributed to the christianization of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, using theoretical presuppositions of interreligious dialogue, such as inculturation and syncretism. From the double interpretation of symbols, it was possible to understand the dimension of the process of inculturation of the Christian faith in Mexico and the use of Marian devotion to influence the Christianization of the Aztec nation, as well as to identify whether or not there was a dialogue among religions in this sense. Along the way, we can see the importance of the Virgin of Guadalupe cult not only for the colonization process, but also for the legitimacy of the culture and nationalism of the Mexican people. (shrink)

In this paper I study the variants of the notion of completeness Husserl pre-sented in “Ideen I” and two lectures he gave in Göttingen in 1901. Introduced primarily in connection with the problem of imaginary numbers, this notion found eventually a place in the answer Husserl provided for the philosophically more im-portant problem of the logico-epistemological foundation of formal knowledge in sci-ence. I also try to explain why Husserl said that there was an evident correlation between his and Hilbert’s notion (...) of completeness introduced in connection with the axiomatisation of geometry and the theory of real numbers when, as many commen-tators have already observed, these two notions are independent. I show in this paper that if a system of axioms is complete in Husserl’s sense, then its formal domain, the manifold of formal objects it determines, does not admit any extension. This is precisely the idea behind Hilbert’s notion of completeness in question. Therefore, the correlation Husserl noted indeed exists. But, in order to see it, we must consider the formal domain determined by a formal theory, not its models. (shrink)

Resumo: Vivendo os momentos contemporâneos da sociedade, da ciência,da tecnologia, da virtualidade e do quadro de giz; me ponho como uma sintomatologista desses tempos. Para isso, eventualmente, me desnudo do ser professora, para, assim, poder olhar o que não vejo quando estou nas vestes dessa identidade. Os sintomas fazem com que escreva e trace muitas linhas para transitar nesse cosmo da “didática no currículo”. Algumas dessas linhas são lisas, sinuosas, umas ainda não ditas, outras ainda têm que ser esfaceladas, porém (...) elas estão sendo experimentadas com as forças da vida. Ponho-me a escrever e a estudar as questões de didática e de currículo,fazendo interlocuções com outras áreas do conhecimento como a filosofia, a história da ciência, a história e a arte. É claro que não pretendo esgotar questões dessa temática nem que o quisesse, pois são estudos de muitas vertentes conceituais. O leitor vai encontrar duas forças que produzem e produziram as didáticas: as vertigens da modernidade e as da pós-modernidade. Essas forças vertiginosas traçaram territórios diferenciados nas propostas de currículos e de planejamentos. O que quero e faço são bricolagens teóricas para encaminhar algumas teses e descrições que trago a este ensaio. Palavras-chaves: Didática. Planejamento. Pós-currículo.: Surviving the contemporary moments of Society, Science, Technology, Virtuality and also the picture of a chalk, I describe myself as a symptomatologyst of this time, and to do so, I eventually undress myself of being a teacher in order to be able to see what I cannot when I am in the garments of this identity. The symptoms make me write and draw lines to go into the cosmos of “Didacticism in the curriculum”. Some of these lines are still smooth and winding, some have not been stated yet, and some need to be wrecked. However they are being tried by the strength of life. Issues about Education and Curriculum will go through inter-phrases with other areas of knowledge like Philosophy, History of Science, History and Art. I clearly do not intend to exhaust this issue, since these studies are conceptualized from a great variety of origins. The reader is going to find two strengths which have produced didacticism: the dizziness of Modernity and Pos-modernity. These dizzy strengths drew differentiated territories to curriculum and planning proposals. What I am going to do is a theoretical bricolage to direct some theories and descriptions. Keywords: Didacticism. Planning. Poscurriculum. (shrink)

This article looks for scanning the History of the Council of Trent emphatically in what concerns to the antecedents that went through its path and culminate in it. Under the key of an “Ecclesia semper reformanda” we look for understanding the internal reformations in the Church of that age not as private diligences to the Council's motion, as if the Council was the great awakener of a monolithic Church to the needs of an intrareformation, but, despite this, aiming the history (...) of the Council, often, in that time of crisis in Latin Church, at that context of the rise and expansion of Protestantism, it's possible to see, in Church's breast, a wish of ecclesiastical, pastoral and dogmatic reformation, renovation and updating that, ulteriorly, was already largely disseminated in practices and discussions of the Church even before the very Council. Indeed, we have discovered a movement of internal and previous reformation that converged to Trent and greatly influenced it, so we say that almost there was nothing new in the Council, any pastoral or dogmatic guideline exclusive and genuinely tridentine. Trent's just the apex, the vertex, so to speak, the crown of intrareformist movement within the Church as we shall show in our research, drawing Council's history from long before, unveiling what came previously about the discussions and directions taken. (shrink)

The apparently paradoxical nature of self-deception has attracted a great deal of controversy in recent years. Focussing on those aspects of the phenomenon which involve the holding of "contradictory" beliefs, it is our intention to argue that this presents no "paradox" if a non-classical, "paraconsistent", doxastic logic is adopted. (On such logics, see, for example, N. C. A. da Costa, 'On the theory of inconsistent formal systems', Notre Dame J Formal Logic 11(1974), 497-510, and A. I. Arruda, 'A survey of (...) paraconsistent logic', in A. I. Arruda, N. C. A da Costa and R Chuaqui, _Mathematical Logic in Latin America, North-Holland, 1984, pp. 1-41.). (shrink)

A amizade é concebida neste estudo como tendo um sentido político, pois uma condição necessária do exercício político é aquela de considerar a opinião do outro. Em seu sentido político, a amizade favorece o questionamento de pontos de vista fixos e a irrupção de ações inovadoras. A experimentação política da amizade constitui uma relação agonística, de abertura ao outro na qual os corpos estão dispostos a afetar e serem afetados, implicados em contribuir com o aumento da capacidade de reflexão e (...) ação do amigo. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a experimentação política da amizade a partir da teoria dos afetos de Baruch Espinosa: o corpo é essencialmente relacional e é na relação com seus outros, na maneira como afeta e é afetado por elesque se dá a condição de possibilidade da resistência à tristeza e afirmação da alegria – compreendida como aumento da potência de pensar e agir. (shrink)

The issue of what consequences to draw from the existence of non-classical logical systems has been the subject of an interesting debate across a diversity of fields. In this paper the matter of alternative logics is considered with reference to a specific belief system and its propositions :the Azande are said to maintain beliefs about witchcraft which, when expressed propositionally, appear to be inconsistent. When the Azande have been presented with such inconsistencies, they either fail to see them as such (...) or else accept them as non-problematical. Is our knowledge of logical truths a relative and culturally determined phenomenon, or is there some (transcendent) criterion that allows us to adjudicate between alternative logical systems? The authors propose an approach for resolving disputes about the status of Azande reasoning which assumes a paraconsistent framework, thus providing a new perspective on this debate. (shrink)

Extant scholarship on Hindu war ethics uses the term dharma yuddha as a synonym of the term, just war, as conceptualized within Christian theo-ethical frameworks developed primarily in the Western academy. Dharma in the term dharma yuddha is presented as equivalent to the term just in just war, and an antonym of adharma or kuta, i.e., unjust. I track the documentary origins of the term dharma yuddha by surveying the usage of this and similar terms in ancient Hindu sources, including (...) the Mahabharata, the Arthashastra, and selected Dharmasastras. I find that the usage of the term dharma yuddha in primary Hindu sources is markedly different from how it is used in contemporary scholarship: the texts mention a range of types of war that are closely related to, but not the same as, the concept of dharma yuddha; this taxonomical richness and complexity is not captured by a binary analytical framework of just versus unjust. In addition, the relationship between dharma and war remains under-explored and merits a more nuanced study than a one-to-one comparison with Christian just war ethics. I, hence, offer a taxonomical model for dharma yuddha, which places it as part of the yuddha family; the model presents attributes of dharma yuddha that are necessary and/or sufficient and which bear conceptual similarities with attributes of other members in the yuddha family. The model presents these attributes in a hierarchical fashion as is reflected in the texts surveyed. The paper makes two types of contributions: firstly, theoretically, it fills a lacuna in the scholarship on Hindu war ethics by presenting a taxonomical and constructive framework to study war that draws from a systematic survey of wars as presented in the Hindu canon; secondly, methodologically, it seeks to decolonize studies on Hindu ethics by studying the texts on their own terms, as opposed to seeing them through the eyes of Christian and, primarily, Western, analytical categories of war. (shrink)

This article offers an original, intellectual portrait of G. H. Mead. My reassessment of Mead’s thinking is founded, in methodological terms, upon a historically minded yet theoretically oriented strategy. Mead’s system of thought is submitted to a historical reconstruction in order to grasp the evolution of his ideas over time, and to a thematic reconstruction organized around three major research areas or pillars: science, social psychology and politics. If one re-examines the entirety of Mead’s published and unpublished writings from the (...) point of view of contemporary social and political theory, one can see that his contributions transcend the field of social psychology. Mead’s innovative insights on the communicative aspects of social life and individual conscience are yet to be fully explored by current social and political theorists. This is partly due to the fact that his was a system in a state of flux, ever escaping the final written form. (shrink)

According to Manuel de Góis the sensitive knowledge is the only source of the intellective knowledge, when the soul is united with the body. Among the external senses, vision plays the main role. Visual images are the principal source of the intellective knowledge. The pleasure of knowing is sourced also in the pleasure of seeing that expresses the beauty, the harmony and the variety of nature and points to the intelligibility and goodness of the Creation.

I am honoured with and touched by the invitation of delivering the opening address of this Congress. Firstly, to see paraconsistent logic flourishing and growing, as we can readily see by simply glacing over the programme of this conference, is among one of my greatest joys. Secondly, and equally important, because this congress takes place in the University of Toruń.I am honoured for having lectured here, a most congenial and stimulating place, and could not think of a better place for (...) a conference dedicated to the memory of Stanisław Jaśkowski. In particular, I am delighted for having had a correspondence with him, and although I was deprived of the pleasure of meeting him personally, I was fortunate enough for having collaborated with some of his disciples, such as L. Dubikajtis and T. Kotas. All and all, Toruń in particular and Poland in general are for me a second home, for all the kindness and care everyone has shown to me over several years, since my very first visit to this country. (shrink)

Atualmente não se pode negar a influência que a ciência tem sobre a sociedade. Com efeito, não podemos esquecer que esta mesma ciência se isolou das reflexões sobre o ser humano, sobre os valores éticos e mesmo sobre seus próprios fins. Portanto, ao falar em ciências e seu uso no processo ensinoaprendizagem nos remete ao pensamento da teoria clássica: onde todos os estudantes e, inclusive o professor, sairão satisfeitos. Ao contrário, o que se verifica atualmente é o oposto. Alunos desmotivados (...) e professores insatisfeitos. Como isto pode acontecer se temos cada vez mais acesso aos recursos tecnológicos? As novas tecnologias presentes nas escolas não têm facilitado esse processo? Como as teorias cientificas podem ser usadas em sala de aula e como podem favorecer a construção do conhecimento no educando são questões que remetem à preocupação do autor em contribuir com uma tendência no ensino de ciências na Amazônia que vá em direção de uma educação em ciências que rompa com os estreitos limites da ciência atual.Currently there is no denying the influence that science has on society. Indeed, we can not forget that this same science has isolated itself from the reflections on human beings, on ethical values and even about their own ends. Therefore, when speaking on science and its use in teaching-learning process brings us to the thought of the classical theory: where all students and even teachers, they will leave satisfied. Instead, what we see today is the opposite. Unmotivated teachers and students dissatisfied. How can this happen if we have more access to technological resources? New technologies present in the schools do not have facilitated this process? As scientific theories can be used in the classroom and how they can encourage the construction of knowledge in the student are issues that relate to the concern of the author in contributing to a trend in science education in the Amazon that goes toward a science education that break with the narrow limits of current science. (shrink)

Western civilization was built on the concept of God. Today modern science, based on the critical method and so-called objective facts, denies even the existence of our soul. There is only matter: atoms, molecules, and DNA sequences. There is no freedom; there are no well-grounded beliefs. The decline of Western civilization is not the simple consequence of decadence, hedonism, and malevolence. Modern critical science has liberated us from the old dogmas but failed to establish our freedoms, values, and beliefs. However, (...) human knowledge is not objective but personal. We are the children of evolution. Everybody sees the world from his own personal point of view anchored into his/her body. We use our billions-of-years-old evolutionary skills and thousands-of-years-old cultural heritage to recognize and acknowledge the personal facts of our reality, freedom, and most important natural beliefs: respect and speak the truth. In reality, even science itself is based on our personal knowledge. Only our false conceptual dichotomies paralyze our thinking. God or matter?—there is a third choice: the emergence of life and human persons. This is the only way to defend our freedoms and the Christian moral dynamism of free Western societies. (shrink)

How do senior business executives rank their preferences for various ethical principles? And how strongly do the executives believe in these principles? Also, how do these preference rankings relate to the way the executives see the future (wherein business decisions play out)? Research on these questions may provide us with an appreciation of the complexities of ethical behavior in management beyond the traditional issues concerning ethical decision-making in business. Based on a survey of 585 vice presidents of U.S. businesses it (...) was found that: (1) there is a distinct set of principles of ethical conduct that is considered favorable as opposed to another set considered unfavorable among a comprehensive list of 14 ethical principles; (2) the executives believed overwhelmingly that their own individual ethical preferences are better than those of other executives; (3) the strength of their preferences for ethical principles is associated with whether the executives are relatively near-future oriented or more distant-future oriented; and (4), there are very few significant differences in terms of gender, age, education level, private/public education, prestigious/other schools, business/non-business academic backgrounds, and length of job experience. Implications of these findings are discussed. (shrink)

Amidst all the anticipation, anxiety, and hype swirling around the year 2000, we may find ourselves searching for some sure guidance as we enter the new millennium. Dharma: The Way of Transcendence provides it. Written by His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, whom scholars and spiritual leaders worldwide recognize as the most distinguished teacher of Indian culture and philosophy of the modern age, Dharma answers essential questions thoughtful people ask in every millenium: Who am I? What are my (...) deepest needs? How can I fulfill them? Srila Prabhupada writes, "The body and the mind are but superfluous outer coverings of the spirit soul. The spirit soul's needs must be fulfilled. The need of the spirit soul is that he wants to get out of the limited sphere of material bondage and fulfill his desire for complete freedom. He wants to get out of the covered walls of the greater universe. He wants to see the free light and the spirit." To learn what that free light and spirit are, and how you can see them, read Dharma. Book jacket. (shrink)

The guiding inspiration of this book is the attraction and distance that mark the relation between anthropology and philosophy. This theme is explored through encounters between individual anthropologists and particular regions of philosophy. Several of the most basic concepts of the discipline—including notions of ethics, politics, temporality, self and other, and the nature of human life—are products of a dialogue, both implicit and explicit, between anthropology and philosophy. These philosophical undercurrents in anthropology also speak to the question of what it (...) is to experience our being in a world marked by radical difference and otherness. In The Ground Between, twelve leading anthropologists offer intimate reflections on the influence of particular philosophers on their way of seeing the world, and on what ethnography has taught them about philosophy. Ethnographies of the mundane and the everyday raise fundamental issues that the contributors grapple with in both their lives and their thinking. With directness and honesty, they relate particular philosophers to matters such as how to respond to the suffering of the other, how concepts arise in the give and take of everyday life, and how to be attuned to the world through the senses. Their essays challenge the idea that philosophy is solely the province of professional philosophers, and suggest that certain modalities of being in the world might be construed as ways of doing philosophy. Contributors. João Biehl, Steven C. Caton, Vincent Crapanzano, Veena Das, Didier Fassin, Michael M. J. Fischer, Ghassan Hage, Clara Han, Michael Jackson, Arthur Kleinman, Michael Puett, Bhrigupati Singh. (shrink)

A aprendizagem filosófica na formação de professores: proposta de um Ateliê Filosófico Transdisciplinar Resumo: Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre a criação de um Ateliê Filosófico Transdisciplinar para fazer-pensar a formação de professores e a aprendizagem filosófica, a partir de oficinas didático-formativas que possibilitem aos estudantes de diferentes cursos de licenciaturas a experienciarem em seus processos formativos a prática da meditação como possibilidade didática para o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem filosófica do autoconhecimento. Busca-se fortalecer e promover experiências que estimulem a reflexão, (...) o cuidado com a alteridade, a comunicação dialógica e a ética, a partir de uma visão complexa, fenomenológica, transdisciplinar e polilógica. A formação institucional tradicional é tensionada a repensar o papel da filosofia na formação de professores para além de uma disciplina monológica, específica de conteúdos da tradição canônica, porém sem discriminá-los, mas fazer vê-los emergir das inquietudes humanas dos sujeitos educadores em transformação. Palavras-chave: Ateliê Filosófico; Aprendizagem Filosófica; Autoconhecimento; Formação de Professores. Philosophical learning in teacher education: proposal of a Transdisciplinary Philosophical Workshop Abstract: this article is a reflection on the creation of a Transdisciplinary Philosophical Workshop to make teacher education and philosophical learning think-through, from didactic-formative workshops that enable students from different undergraduate courses to experience their formative processes. The practice of meditation as a didactic possibility for the development of philosophical learning of self-knowledge. We seek to strengthen and promote experiences that stimulate reflection, care for otherness, dialogical communication and ethics, from a complex, phenomenological, transdisciplinary and polylogical view. The traditional institutional formation is tensioned to rethink the role of philosophy in the formation of teachers beyond a monological discipline, specific of canonical tradition contents, but without discriminating them, but seeing them emerge from the human concerns of the changing educating subjects.. Keywords: Philosophical Studio; Philosophical learning; Self knowledge; Teacher training. Aprendizaje filosófico en la formación docente: propuesta de un taller filosófico transdisciplinario Resumen: Este artículo es una reflexión sobre la creación de un Taller Filosófico Transdisciplinario para reflexionar sobre la formación docente y el aprendizaje filosófico, a partir de talleres didáctico-formativos que permiten a los estudiantes de diferentes cursos de pregrado experimentar sus procesos formativos. La práctica de la meditación como una posibilidad didáctica para el desarrollo del aprendizaje filosófico del autoconocimiento. Buscamos fortalecer y promover experiencias que estimulen la reflexión, el cuidado de la otredad, la comunicación dialógica y la ética, desde una visión compleja, fenomenológica, transdisciplinaria y polilógica. La formación institucional tradicional está tensada para repensar el papel de la filosofía en la formación de docentes más allá de una disciplina monológica, específica de los contenidos de la tradición canónica, pero sin discriminarlos, pero al verlos emerger de las preocupaciones humanas de las materias educativas cambiantes. Palabras clave: Philosophical Studio; Aprendizaje filosófico; Conocimiento de sí mismo; Formación de profesores. Data de registro: 05/10/2019 Data de aceite: 22/09/2021 O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) –Brasil –Código de Financiamento 001. (shrink)

For different reasons, Husserl's original, thought-provoking ideas on the philosophy of logic and mathematics have been ignored, misunderstood, even despised, by analytic philosophers and phenomenologists alike, who have been content to barricade themselves behind walls of ideological prejudices. Yet, for several decades, Husserl was almost continuously in close professional and personal contact with those who created, reshaped and revolutionized 20th century philosophy of mathematics, logic, science and language in both the analytic and phenomenological schools, people whom those other makers of (...) 20th century philosophy, Russell, Frege, Wittgenstein and their followers, rarely, if ever, met. Independently of them, Husserl offered alternatives to the well-trodden paths of logicism, nominalism, formalism and intuitionism. He presented a well-articulated, thoroughly argued case for logic as an objective science, but was not philosophically naive to the point of not seeing the role of subjectivity in shaping the sense of the reality facing objective science. Given the preeminent role that philosophy of logic and philosophy of mathematics have played in transforming the way philosophy has been done since Husserl's time, and given the depth of his insights and his obvious expertise in those fields, his ideas need to be integrated into present-day, mainstream philosophy. Here, philosopher Claire Ortiz Hill and mathematician-philosopher Jairo da Silva offer a wealth of interesting insights intended to subvert the many mistaken idees recues about the development of Husserl's thought and reestablish broken ties between it and philosophy now. (shrink)

I present and discuss in this paper Husserl’s investigation of the genesis of the modem conception of empirical reality as carried out in his last work The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. The goal of Husserl’s genetic investigation was to uncover the rnany layers of constitution that frorn the life-world (the Lebenswelt) the modem scientific conception of Nature was originated and to point out the need to ground the scientific project of rnodemity in the life-world so as to (...) overcome the “alienation” that, for him, characterized the “crisis” of European science. I, however, approach his analyses from a different perspective. The problem that interests me here is the applicability of mathematics in the empirical science. My airn is to assess Husserl’s treatment of this question in order to see whether it can be sustained from a strictly scientific perspective. My conclusion is that it cannot. What Husserl takes for the “crisis” of science is inherent to the best scientific methodology. Nonetheless, Husserl’s analyses offer irnportant insights that I incorporate in what I believe to be a more satisfactory treatment of the problern concerning the role of mathematics in the ernpirical science. (shrink)

RESUMO:Na Carta a d’Alembert, Rousseau se coloca contra a ideia de um teatro enquanto instrumento de educação moral, porém, o posicionamento do filósofo não está em colocar essa atividade lúdica de ordem moral na categoria de atividade imoral, mas na de atividade artificial, e, talvez, isso gerasse efeitos imorais. Todavia, é preciso observar os verdadeiros efeitos do teatro, a partir de alguns argumentos que Rousseau resolve construir e analisá-los, contudo, apenas se trouxesse à tona a crítica de Rousseau ao romance, (...) na Carta a d’Alembert, que tem como contexto “a ideia negativa de privatização da cena”, pois o teatro destina uma excessiva importância à descrição do amor, obviamente, exagerando na representação, naquilo que é romanesco. Porém, se, na Carta a d’Alembert, o filósofo não expressa de forma direta que a teorização sobre o teatro também equivale ao romance, na Nova Heloísa, ou seja, no próprio romance, o autor faz essa ratificação, ao importar um longo comentário sobre o teatro que estava na Carta, afirmando que considera o mesmo da própria cena quanto à maioria dos novos escritos. O cidadão genebrino ataca os romances indiretamente e viceversa, porque é observado que tudo aquilo que diz sobre uma arte se aplica quase que integralmente a outra arte. E, como um povo galante deseja amor e polidez, Rousseau resolve fixar alguns termos, na tentativa de explicar suas críticas e argumentar a coerência de seu posicionamento, já que, se, em geral, a cena é um quadro das paixões humanas, cujo original está nos corações, se o pintor, porém, não tiver cuidado de acariciar suas paixões, os espectadores logo ficarão desgostosos e não desejarão mais se ver sob um aspecto que fizesse com que desprezassem a si mesmos. E pontua que essa linguagem não tem mais sentido, em seu século, pois é preciso falar as paixões, esforçando-nos para usar uma que melhor se compreenda, talvez o romance. ABSTRACT:In theLetter to d’Alembert, Rousseau argues against the idea of theater as a moral instrument of education. However, the position of the philosopher is not one of putting this playful activity in the category of immoral activity, but in the category of an artificial activity that perhaps generates immoral purposes. It is necessary to observe the true effect of the theater on the basis of some arguments that Rousseau decides to construct. These are analyzed here, bringing to the fore Rousseau’s critique of the novel in theLetter to d’Alembert. The letter has as its context “the negative idea of privatization of the scene”, as the theater gives an excessive importance to the description of love, obviously exaggerating the representation of romance. If, in theLetter to d’Alembert, the philosopher does not directly express that theorizing about the theater is equivalent to the novel, in theNouvelle Héloïse, that is, in the novel itself, the author does this. He adds to the novel a long commentary on the theater that was in theLetter, stating that he considers the theatrical scene itself to be the same as most new writing. He attacks novels indirectly, as well as the theatre, observing that everything said about one art applies almost entirely to another art. As a gallant people want love and politeness, Rousseau decides to fix certain terms in an attempt to explain his criticism and argue the consistency of his position. In general, the scene is a picture of human passions whose original is in the heart; if the painter is not careful in stroking these passions, spectators will soon become disgusted, not wanting to see themselves in such a way that they despise themselves. Rousseau points out that this language has no more meaning in his century, as it is necessary to speak the passions, striving to use language that best understands the passions, such as, perhaps, that of the novel. (shrink)

RESUMO O texto propõe um retorno a alguns conceitos e filósofos relevantes para o debate sobre o contrato social no século XVII: a partir de certos princípios sobre os quais se assenta o alcance inovador e crítico da teoria hobbesiana, e vendo no contrato social um suporte causal para o entendimento e a intervenção política, procuro compreender em que sentido o conceito de transferência deve convir ao de poder absoluto do soberano e o que isso implica de crítica à ideia (...) de direito de resistência, como o entendia Althusius, e de defesa de uma ruptura radical entre tempos de guerra e de paz. Reconstruo com essa crítica a tese hobbesiana da obediência como fundamento da permanência da Cidade - e algumas consequências disso; finalmente, proponho uma hipótese sobre a obra de Espinosa que permita a desconstrução das ideias de transferência e de contrato, dentro de um campo de causalidade que põe o conflito e a resistência como constitutivos da própria sociabilidade, sem o essencial recurso ao conceito althusiano de representação, e sem o fundo despolitizador presente na teoria de Hobbes. ABSTRACT The text proposes a return to some relevant concepts and philosophers to debate about the social contract in the XVII century: from certain principles on which is based the innovative and critical reach of Hobbes's theory, and seeing in the social contract a causal support for political understanding and intervention, I seek to understand in what sense the concept of transference must agree with to that of absolute sovereign's power and how it implies a criticism to the ideia of right of resistance, as understood Althusius, and how it implies a defense of a radical break between times of war and peace. I rebuild, with this critique, the hobbesian thesis of obedience as foundation of permanence of the City - and some consequences of it. Finally, I propose a hypothesis about Spinoza's work that allows the deconstruction of transfer ideas and contract, within a causal field that puts the conflict and the resistance as constitutive items of sociability itself, without the essential resource to the althusian concept of representation and without the depoliticized background present in Hobbes's theory. (shrink)

In this paper we study the systems P and $P^{\ast}$ (see Arruda and da Costa, O paradoxo de Curry-Moh Shaw-Kwei, Boletim da Sociedade Matemātica de São Paulo 18 (1966)) and some related systems. In the last section, we prove that certain set theories having P and $P^{\ast}$ as their underlying logics are non-trivial.

Otto Neurath and John Dewey share the understanding that science must have a prominent role in democratic social reform. This is a common aim that brought logical empiricism and pragmatism together in the first half of the 20th century, but there are differences between the two stances. On the one hand, Neurath sees a limitation of scientific knowledge, considering that it cannot determine decisions to be taken in the course of social reform. Such decisions, in the logical empiricist view, are (...) a matter of politics. On the other hand, Dewey sees a continuity among all forms of inquiry and, therefore, the conclusions of valuational inquiry are analogous in their epistemic claims to the conclusions in factual (natural or social inquiry). This paper investigates the divergence and concludes that pragmatist continuity of inquiry is set in a psychological context that disregards a difference in objectivity between factual and valuational inquiry. (shrink)

Starting from Flusser’s most explicit statements about irony, self-irony, and the Devil, I try to make some sense of the relations, in Flusser’s thought, between language, reality and scepticism. And, perhaps most importantly, I try to clarify Flusser’s notion of the role of philosophy proper. This analysis will bring us to a puzzling spectrum I see hovering over Flusser’s ideas: the eradication of boundaries between the ontological and the ethical. That is what I call Flusser’s radical immanent monism.

With this article we intend to explore the concept of «esthetical object» proposed in Dufrenne’s text entitled La Phénoménologie de l’experience estéthique I. The potentiality/activity binomial appears as the ground for Dufrenne’s definition of esthetical object as perceived work of art. According to this, the happening of any artwork truly finds its proper place in esthetical experience, which arises as the meeting point of art’s expressive potentiality and the spectator’s perception act. Establishing an accurate distinction between esthetical perception and other (...) kinds of human perception, Dufrenne sees the former as the pure presence of the sensitive. Advocating the inseparability of significant and signification for the esthetical object, the author declares the meaning of esthetical experience as immanent to its own sensitive presentation. Dufrenne presents authentic esthetical perception as something, which has the power to, engage subjectivity in a radical experience. Under the light projected by the work of art, human beings are enabled to actualise other modes of being-in-the-world. With expression as its proper signifying mode, the esthetical object reveals itself as a world beginning, proposing an affective atmosphere, which opens the subject of esthetical experience to new existential possibilities. (shrink)

Cicero and Wojtyla see the art of oratory as an integral part of the growth of mankind. Cicero considers communication as a fountain of noble action. At the same time, Wojtyla considers the word in its spiritual sense, elevating all human beings towards beauty. Both authors teach us that those who communicate with moral dignity and creativity construct a humanized culture.

Recent theories on abstract concepts and words (ACs), such as Words As social Tools (WAT) (Borghi et al., 2019b) and Language is an Embodied Neuroenhancement and Scaffold (LENS) (Dove, 2019) have underlined the crucial role of both sensorimotor experience and language for ACs representation and use [see Dove et al. (2020), for a comparison]. Here we focus on the WAT view. WAT highlights the role of language, sociality, and inner grounding (interoception, metacognition) for ACs. Furthermore, WAT seeks to integrate a (...) developmental perspective with approaches focusing on conceptual use and brain representation. We briefly illustrate evidence coming from both clinical and non-clinical populations and identify areas where additional evidence that ACs evoke linguistic, social, and interoceptive experience is still needed. (shrink)

The connections of Medicine and Religion are thoroughly documented in the primitive societies, and it comes as no surprise to see them together. Here we describe the true story of a Portuguese physician of the late 19th century whose image today is venerated in such a way as to compare him to a saint and to bestow upon him miraculous powers of healing. We propose that modern day physicians can learn from the example of this man that the role of (...) doctor encompasses not only scientific and technical mastery but, most of all, piety, humanity and compassion. (shrink)

Resumo Este artigo procura apresentar e discutir tentativas recentes em filosofia social de analisar e interpretar o capitalismo, a partir de uma perspectiva praxeológica. O practice turn em teoria social procurou superar o dualismo entre agência e estrutura, ou entre ação e sistema, por meio da noção de prática social. Seria possível então interpretar o capitalismo como um tipo especifico de prática social? Para tentar encaminhar essa questão, explicita-se brevemente, em um primeiro momento, em que consiste o practice turn em (...) teoria social. Num segundo momento, analisa-se e se discute a proposta de Rahel Jaeggi de conceber a economia como uma rede de práticas sociais. Em seguida, expõe-se e se avalia a tentativa de Christian Lotz em ver, no dinheiro, a chave para compreender aquilo que ele chama de esquema capitalista. Por fim, conclui-se, chamando a atenção para os potenciais e desafios ligados ao empreendimento de interpretar o capitalismo em função de uma teoria da prática, sugerindo que um aprofundamento na análise da imaginação especificamente capitalista, vinculando-a com a típica plasticidade e diversidade do capitalismo, possa ajudar a avançar nesse campo.This paper aims to present and discuss recent attempts in social philosophy to analyze and interpret capitalism from a praxeological perspective. The practice turn in social theory sought to overcome the dualism between agency and structure, or between action and system, through the notion of social practice. Is it then possible to interpret capitalism as a specific type of social practice? To try to address this question, I briefly introduce, in a first moment, the practice turn in social theory. In a second moment, I analyze and discuss Rahel Jaeggi’s proposal to conceive the economy as a network of social practices. I then explain and evaluate Christian Lotz’s attempt to see money as the key to understanding what he names as “the capitalist schema”. Finally, I conclude by drawing attention to the potentials and challenges of interpreting capitalism as a social practice, suggesting that a deeper analysis of specifically capitalist imagination, linking it with the typical plasticity and diversity of capitalism, may help to move forward in this field. (shrink)

Schistosomes are intravascular parasitic helminths (blood flukes) that infect more than 200 million people globally. Proteomic analysis of the tegument (skin) of these worms has revealed the surprising presence of glycolytic enzymes on the parasite's external surface. Immunolocalization data as well as enzyme activity displayed by live worms confirm that functional glycolytic enzymes are indeed expressed at the host–parasite interface. Since these enzymes are traditionally considered to function intracellularly to drive glycolysis, in an extracellular location they are hypothesized to engage (...) in novel “moonlighting” functions such as immune modulation and blood clot dissolution that promote parasite survival. For instance, several glycolytic enzymes can interact with plasminogen and promote its activation to the thrombolytic plasmin; some can inhibit complement function; some induce B cell proliferation or macrophage apoptosis. Several pathogenic bacteria and protists also express glycolytic enzymes externally, suggesting that moonlighting functions of extracellular glycolytic enzymes can contribute broadly to pathogen virulence. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/njtWZ2y3k_I. (shrink)

This article aims to explain how the concept of will to power, derived from Nietzsche's philosophy, is used by C. G. Jung in his work Psychology of the Unconscious to solve a problem present in the first psychoanalytic school, namely: the unilaterality of neurosis. When Jung identifies certain gaps in Freud's theory of repression, he will reformulate the theory of neurosis based on the appropriation that Alfred Adler, one of Freud's first disciples, makes of the Nietzschean concept. We will see (...) how Jung will use the opposition between Freud's theory of Eros and Adler's theory, which, in turn, considers power as the main mechanism of the nervous character. By equally analyzing both theories, Jung will come to the conclusion that the problem of neurosis can be solved by unifying its antagonisms. Thus, he will develop a basic idea in his analytical psychology: that of psychological types or types of attitudes. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo apontar uma relação entre a estética e a ética em Sartre, mostrando que a constituição ética do indivíduo não se distingue da sua constituição estética. Primeiramente, parte-se da crítica que Merle faz em seu artigo à psicanálise existencial e se evidencia como o encontro com a história e a postulação de uma teoria da personalização nas obras biográficas destituem tais críticas. Num segundo momento, legitimam-se as postulações anteriores, apontando-se como na obra Saint Genet Sartre (...) ratifica a constituição do gosto sobre a moral pelo processo de personalização. Por fim, será visto que toda ética tem um pressuposto transgressor, na medida em que o sujeito ético é também sujeito estético.: This article aims to point out a relation between aesthetics and ethics in Sartre, showing that the ethical constitution of the individual does not distinguish from his or her aesthetic constitution. First, we start from Merle’s criticism of existential psychoanalysis, and we show how such criticisms can be dismissed on the basis of the encounter with history and the postulation of a theory of personalization in biographical works. Second, we point out how Sartre, in his Saint Genet, ratifies the constitution of a taste regarding the moral by the process of personalization. Finally, we will see that all ethics have a transgressive presupposition insofar as the ethical subject is also an aesthetic subject. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Studies and discussions about the contacts between peoples and languages in Brazil have often been the subject of study in linguistics, especially Contact sociolinguistics, and History. However, by taking literary texts as a way of glimpsing the past, albeit through the eyes of fiction, literature has a lot to contribute to how we see the past, especially because of historiographic metafiction that is interested in gaps in official historiography, (re)presenting historical events and/or facts, but through the eyes of characters (...) who have been marginalized. Bearing this in mind, this article proposes an analysis of the novel Um defeito de cor, by the author from Minas Gerais, Ana Maria Gonçalves (2021), to illustrate how literary writing can contribute to understanding the forms of interaction that have shaped Brazilian society, giving rise to “Brazil” and, especially, to “Brazilian Portuguese.”. (shrink)

Baruch de Spinoza tritt dem philosophisch interessierten Zeitgenossen in erster Linie als der Verfasser der Ethik entgegen, jenes Denksystems, das in strikt geometrischer Ableitung über Sein und Erkennen, Körper und Geist, nicht zuletzt über das gelungene Leben handelt. Mindestens ebenso bedeutend ist aber sein "Tractatus theologico-politicus", 1670 anonym veröffentlicht.Spinoza bestimmt hierTheologie und Politik so, daß sie dem friedlichen Zusammenleben der Menschen förderlich sind. Dabei greift er immer wieder auf das philosophische System der Ethik zurück, um religiöse und politische Begrifflichkeiten (...) umzudeuten. Darüber hinaus formuliert er eines der frühesten Beispiele kritischer Bibelexegese. All dies steht nicht zuletzt im Dienste einer der grundlegendsten Verteidigungen des Rechts auf Denk- und Meinungsfreiheit. Während der "Tractatus theologico-politicus" in den letzten Jahren international eine wahre Renaissance erlebt hat, fehlte es im deutschsprachigen Raum bislang noch an einem umfassenden Kommentar. Führende Forscher beheben im vorliegenden Band diesen Mangel. MIT BEITRÄGEN VON: Alex Anderson, Dirk Brantl, Edwin Curley, Michael Hampe, Otfried Höffe, Yitzhak Melamed, Robert Schnepf, Piet Steenbakkers, Pina Totaro, Theo Verbeek, Manfred Walther und Jan-Hendrik Wulf. (shrink)

Die Fröbliche Wissenschaft umschließt mit ihren ersten IV Büchern von 1882 und ihrem V. Buch von 1887 Also sprach Zarathustra. Im "Excelsior!" überschribenen, vond er Kraft zur Entsagung handelnden Aphorismus Nr. 285 des IV. Buchs führt Nietzsche die Metapher vom See des Menschen ein, der einen Darmm der Entsagung aufwirft, um nicht mehr in einen Gott auszufließen. In Za bringt er die Metaphorik des Sees in Fluss. Der scheinbar noch unmataphorische See der Heimat Zarathustra schwillt zur Matapher des Stromes an (...) und fließt in die Metapher des Meeres aus. Im Fluss dieser Metaphern spielt Nietzsche das Thema des Übermenschen durch: es könnte aus eben diesen Metaphers zu verstehen sein. Im Aphorismus Nr. 378 des V. Buchs der FW fasst Nieszche die Übermensh-Metapher in die eines Brunners der "Freigebigen und Reichen des Geiste". Der Begriff "Geist" ersetzt in der Prosa des Aphorismus die dichterische Metapher des Übermenschen - und wird dabei selbst zur Metapher.With the first four parts published in 1882 and the final part in 1887, the Gay Science surrounds Thus Spoke Zarathustra. In Aphorism 285, dealing with the strength of self-renunciation, Nietzsche introduces the metaphor of the "sea of man," in which is erected a dam to prevent water flowing into a God. In Zarahtustra, this sea metaphor appears again. The seemingly unmetaphorical sea of Zarathustra's home country flows into a metaphor of the current and flows out as a metaphor of the ocean. In the flow of these metaphors, Nietzsche considers the overman, and these images offer a key to understanding this central concept in Nietzsche's thought. In Aphorism 378 of GS, Nietzsche considers the metaphor of Overman by examining the metaphor of a fountain of "the bounty and riches of the spirit." The concept of "spirit" in prose replaces the poetic metaphor of the Overman - and in so doing becomes a metaphor itself. (shrink)

Baruch, or Benedictus, Spinoza (1632–77) is the author of works, especially the Ethics and the Theological-Political Treatise, that are a major source of the ideas of the European Enlightenment. The Ethics is a dense series of arguments on progressively narrower subjects – metaphysics, mind, the human affects, human bondage to passion, and human blessedness – presented in a geometrical order modeled on that of Euclid. In it, Spinoza begins by defending a metaphysics on which God is the only substance (...) and is bound by the laws of his own nature. Spinoza then builds a naturalistic ethics that is constrained by, and to some extent is a product of, his strong metaphysics. Human beings are individuals that causally interact with other individuals and are extremely vulnerable to external influence. They are not substances. Moreover, human beings are bound by the same laws that bind all other individuals in nature, so Spinoza presents accounts of goodness, virtue, and perfection that are consistent with these perfectly general laws. Spinoza’s principal influences include René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes (see hobbes, thomas), Moses Maimonides (see maimonides, moses), the Roman Stoics (see stoicism), and Aristotle (see aristotle). Although his innovative philosophical views undoubtedly contributed to the strong writ of cherem, or ostracism, that Spinoza received from the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam in 1656, his work nevertheless also shows the influence of the study of Scripture and of Jewish law. (shrink)

Inspired by the Studies on authoritarian personality and based on contemporary research on authoritarianism in Brazil, we will analyze the construction of the idol aura surrounding former president Bolsonaro, which allowed the far right to be elected and remain in power until the last elections in 2022. We see his rise as mostly due to the digital violence that largely benefited his campaign and was directed against the block of left-wing candidates. So as to clarify this issue, we will revisit (...) the sociohistorical and psycho-political fundamentals of the antidemocratic and ethnocentric behaviors spurred by that leadership that became idolized. We will also outline an emancipatory, antiracist, culturally relevant and decolonial education, as a way to provide what Adorno regarded as being the antidote to the reemergence of a regressive barbarism. In the case of Brazil, barbarism refers to the remnants of the slave system implemented in the country for three and a half centuries, whose destructive potential was awakened under Bolsonaro’s government, given the latent antidemocratic and authoritarian tendencies in our society. (shrink)

Resenha da tradução da Ética, de Baruch de Espinosa, da Editora Relógio d'Água.

This article investigates the naturalisation of the Bible. Three voices are of special importance in the narrative presented in this article; they are Aristotle, Rene Descartes and Baruc Spinoza. This article will investigate the scientific method and metaphysics espoused by each of the three scholars, thereby highlighting changes in scientific method and metaphysics that lead to the naturalisation of the Bible. Firstly, Aristotle pioneered a scientific method that would dominate for centuries, as well as a highly influential metaphysics. Secondly, Descartes, (...) witnessing the horrors of the Thirty Years War and seeing first-hand the new discoveries that brought about the scientific revolution, reacted against Aristotle’s metaphysics. Ironically he then used Aristotle’s scientific method to provide a foundation for the new science resulting in Descartes’s famous dualism. Thirdly, Spinoza, equally horrified by the amount of religious violence of his time, reacts against Descartes’s dualism, providing scholars with a monist metaphysics that would contribute greatly to the naturalisation of the Bible. This article will be relevant to theologians who wish to engage more fully with contemporary Western culture. (shrink)

Vor dem Hintergrund fanatischer religiöser Konflikte und in Kenntnis der im 17. Jahrhundert aufblühenden exakten Wissenschaften entwickelte Spinoza einen der anspruchsvollsten Entwürfe der Philosophiegeschichte: seine in geometrischer Ordnung dargestellte Ethik. Sie handelt von der Ontologie, Erkenntnislehre, den menschlichen Gefühlen und der Freiheit und Unfreiheit Einzelner wie auch der sozialer Gemeinschaften in einem einzigen durchgehenden Argumentationsgang. Das Werk verbindet auf diese Weise die höchsten Ansprüche begrifflicher und begründender Durchsichtigkeit mit von Lebenserfahrung gesättigter Weisheit. Es versteht sich selbst als eine Anleitung zum (...) Glück für die, die bereit sind, sich nur auf ihre Vernunft und nicht auf Autoritäten zu verlassen. Bis heute ist das Buch Maßstab aufgeklärter theoretischer und praktischer Vernunft geblieben. Seine fünf Teile werden in diesem kollektiven Kommentar durch jeweils drei Aufsätze erläutert. Eine Einleitung schildert die Ambitionen und historischen Folgen der "Ethik". Mit Beiträgen von: Francis Aman, Wolfgang Bartuschat, Thomas Cook, Herman De Djin, Christof Ellsiepen, Stephen Gaukroger, Michael Hampe, Thomas Kisser, Alexandre Matheron, Pierre-François Moreau, Michael Pauen, Dominik Perler, Ursula Renz, Michael Della Rocca, Robert Schnepf, Manfred Walther und Jean-Claude Wolf. (shrink)

Kaum ein anderer Denker hat die jüdische Moderne in einem so hohen Maße beeinflusst wie der Philosoph Baruch Spinoza. Als eine intellektuelle Grenzfigur, die nach ihrer Verbannung aus der jüdischen Gemeinde Amsterdams im Jahre 1656 in die christlich-abendländische Geisteswelt eintrat, inspirierte er jene Aufklärer der Haskala, die ein gutes Jahrhundert später nach einem eigenen jüdischen Weg in die europäische Moderne suchten. Diese Denker trafen dabei auf eine nichtjüdische Gelehrtenwelt, in der sich mit dem Namen des niederländischen Philosophen ebenso idealisierende (...) Erwartungen wie irrationale Ängste gegenüber dem in Spinoza identifizierten intellektuellen Idealtypus des Jüdischen verbanden. Somit ist die Geschichte der jüdischen Rezeption Spinozas seit dem Zeitalter der europäischen Aufklärung stets ein Indikator dafür, welchen Stand das wechselhafte Verhältnis zwischen jüdischer und nichtjüdischer Welt gerade erreicht hatte. Im Nachvollzug der Verlaufsformen der jüdischen Spinoza-Rezeption vom 17. bis ins 20. Jahrhundert zeigt die vorliegende Studie, wie sich jüdisches Selbstbild und Fremdzuschreibung immer wieder wechselseitig bedingt haben. (shrink)